Operations into Laos commenced in September 1965 as part of Operation SHINING BRASS, renamed PRAIRIE FIRE in 1968. After a slow and shaky start, the unit got its operations underway. Further information on the origins of the Southeast Asian conflict: Further information on the communist logistical system in Laos: Further information on the communist logistical system in Cambodia: Further information on the struggle in I Corps: Further information on the NVA/VC offensive: Further information on the aerial interdiction effort in southeastern Laos: Further information on the electronic sensor system: Further information on the conflict in Cambodia: Further information on the conflict in Laos: Further information on the U.S./ARVN incursion: Further information on the ARVN incursion in Laos: Further information on the PAVN offensive of 1972: Further information on the U.S. aerial campaign: Further information on the U.S. aerial offensive of December 1972: Further information on the final NVA offensive of 1975: harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPlaster1997 (. [55] The South Vietnamese General Staff, strapped for cash and equipment in the final stand-down period, never used the STD in a strategic reconnaissance role. The FAC was also the lifeline through which the team would communicate with its FOB and through which it could call for extraction if compromised. Laos. Feb 66, Luc Luong Dac Biet (LLDB), An unidentified Vietnamese Lieutenant and a Sergeant, Kham Duc, Ops 35, Shining Brass, MIA (The facts regarding the loss of these men are unknown). This article is a list of known military operations of the Vietnam War in 1965, conducted by the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States and their allies. Neil Sheehan, Pentagon Papers reporter, Vietnam author, dies General Westmoreland, encouraged by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, requested 200,000 more troops, under the stipulation that they would be used to conduct cross-border operations to pursue the foe. Vietnam Journal collections were published by … By 1969 the Ground Studies Group was running its operations from C&Cs at Da Nang for operations in southeastern Laos and at Ban Me Thuot for its Cambodian operations. The 1988 book won the … Casualties among the Special Commando Units (SCUs – pronounced Sues), as the indigenous mercenaries were titled, were: 57 killed, 270 wounded, and 31 missing. Thorne’s last action occurred on Oct. 18, 1965, during the secret Operation Shining Brass in Laos. President Johnson sought a way out of the commitment that he had originally escalated. Nixon had escalated U.S. involvement in Cambodia by authorizing the secret Operation Menu bombings and by the time of Sihanouk's ouster, the program had been in operation for 14 months. Nixon then authorized a series of incursions by U.S. and South Vietnamese ground forces that began on 30 April. His expectations and assumptions were incorrect. U.S. participation in Cambodian operations (which were already being turned over to all-Vietnamese teams) ended on 1 July 1970 and the same stipulation was to apply in Laos no later than 8 February 1971 (the only qualifications to the restrictions, in both operational areas, were in case of either POW rescue missions or aircraft crash site inspections). During 1969 404 recon missions and 48 exploitation force operations were conducted in Laos. During 1966 and 1967, it became obvious to MACV that the North Vietnamese were using neutral Cambodia as a part of their logistical system, funneling men and supplies to the southernmost seat of battle. The Air Operations Group had been augmented in September 1966 by the addition of four specially-modified MC-130E Combat Talon (deployed under Combat Spear) aircraft, officially the 15th Air Commando Squadron, which supplemented the C-123s (Heavy Hook) of the First Flight Detachment already assigned to SOG. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFU.S._Senate,_Committee_on_Veteran's_Affairs1979 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance, International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos, a series of incursions by U.S. and South Vietnamese ground forces, Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix B, pp. [49] Following US withdrawal from Indochina, its allies in Laos and Cambodia would collapse to the North Vietnamese backed forces. About SOG; SOG Chiefs. The U.S. military (and MACV-SOG personnel) kept tight security over knowledge of the unit's operations and existence until the early 1980s. Originally, the PAVN had been caught unprepared and had been forced to respond in whatever haphazard manner local commanders could organize. The unit participated in most of the significant campaigns of the Vietnam War, including the Gulf of Tonkin incident which precipitated increased American involvement, Operation Steel Tiger, Operation Tiger Hound, the Tet Offensive, Operation Commando Hunt, the Cambodian Campaign, Operation Lam Son 719, and the Easter Offensive. The second incident, in which Maddox and Turner Joy were claimed to be attacked, never took place. By 1969, the North Vietnamese had also worked out their doctrine and techniques for dealing with the recon teams. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and … baking soda and mix. [53] The operational elements had already been absorbed and were expanded by the inclusion of troops from the now-disbanded South Vietnamese Special Forces. Free shipping for many products! The teams were to rely on stealth and were usually smaller in size than those that operated in Laos. [citation needed] On 8 February, 16,000 (later 20,000) South Vietnamese troops, backed by U.S. helicopter and air support, rolled into Laos along Route 9 and headed for the PAVN logistical hub at Tchepone. By 1971 the U.S. was steadily withdrawing from Southeast Asia. [17] After in-depth planning and training, a team was airlifted over the border by aircraft provided by the U.S. Marine Corps (who operated in the I Corps area) or by dedicated Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) H-34 Kingbee helicopters of the 219th Squadron, which would remain affiliated with MACV-SOG for its entire history. and advice to the STD. Charles E. Schamel Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC. His account of the Vietnam War, “A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam,” took him 15 years to write. Unknown was the extent of that use. [39], Since his election in 1968, President Richard M. Nixon had been seeking a negotiated settlement to the Vietnam War. SOG also broadcast "Radio Red Flag," programming purportedly directed by a group of dissident communist military officers also within the north. The plan called for SOG Recon Team Iowa, flying in a Sikorsky CH-34 helicopter of the South Vietnamese air force, to be dropped off along the Ho Chi Minh Trail and search for enemy supply dumps that could be bombed later by aircraft. 230, 236, MACV Command History 1971–72, Annex B, p. 337, MACV Command History 1971–72, Annex B, p. 11, MACV Command History 1971–72, Annex B, pp. On 21 September 1965, the Pentagon authorized MACV-SOG to begin cross-border operations in Laos in areas contiguous to South Vietnam's western border. [56] More specific was the release of documents dealing with the early days of the operation in the Pentagon Papers and by the testimony of ex-SOG personnel during congressional investigations into the bombing campaigns in Laos and Cambodia in the early 1970s. Since the enemy had to come out from his cover and launched conventional operations, the U.S. and South Vietnam lost no opportunity in engaging them. Following this, U.S. military forces launched counter-revolutionary tactics, such as Operation Leaping Lena and Operation Shining Brass, aimed at disrupting the delivery of war supplies to South Vietnam but again were unsuccessful. Operation Shining Brass: 230: A series of cross-border reconnaissance and intelligence operations conducted by mixed Special Forces and Montagnard teams to counter PAVN infiltration through Laos into South Vietnam, perform bomb damage assessment, and control airstrikes. … The mission was deemed a success with 88 bombing sorties flown against the terminus resulting in multiple secondary explosions, but also resulted in SOG's first casualty, Special Forces Captain Larry Thorne in a helicopter crash. North Vietnam responded with an invasion of the country launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with Nuon Chea. When helicopter operations were finally authorized for Daniel Boone, they were provided by the dedicated support of the Huey gunships and transports of the U.S. Air Force's 20th SOS (callsign Green Hornets). SOG provided the capability to launch Brightlight rescue missions anywhere in Southeast Asia at a moments notice.h. [20], The first mission was launched in September and construction was begun on a new C&C at Ban Me Thuot, in the Central Highlands. Established on 24 January 1964, the unit conducted strategic reconnaissance missions in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), Laos, and Cambodia; carried out the capture of enemy prisoners, rescued downed pilots, conducted rescue operations to retrieve prisoners of war throughout Southeast Asia, and conducted clandestine agent team activities and psychological operations. Teams also received rewards including free R&R trips to Taiwan or Thailand aboard a SOG C-130 blackbird, a $100 bonus for each American, a new Seiko watch and cash to each indigenous member. These included Plowman maritime missions, Humidor psychological operations, Timberwork agent operations, and Midriff air missions. They were supported by 3,068 SCUs, and 5,402 South Vietnamese and third-country civilian employees, leading to a total of 10,210 military personnel and civilians either assigned to or working for MACV-SOG.[37]. The recon teams (RTs) inserted into Cambodia faced even more restrictions than those in Laos. The Studies and Observation Group (as the unit was initially titled) was in fact controlled by the Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency and Special Activities (SACSA) and his staff at the Pentagon.a This arrangement was necessary since SOG needed some listing in the MACV table of organization and the fact that MACV's commander, General William Westmoreland, had no authority to conduct operations outside territorial South Vietnam. Lomax has four children. On the 29th, MACV was disestablished and remaining U.S. troops began leaving the south. These agent operations and propaganda efforts were supported by SOG's air arm, the First Flight Detachment. [14]:118–20 Training for the U.S. personnel assigned to recon teams (RTs) was conducted at Kham Duc. By 1967, MACV-SOG had also been given the mission of supporting the new Muscle Shoals portion of the electronic and physical barrier system under construction along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in I Corps. Command and Control North (CCN) at Da Nang, commanded by a lieutenant colonel, used 60 recon teams and two exploitation battalions (four companies of three platoons). MACV-SOG reconnaissance teams were also bolstered by the creation of exploitation forces, which could either support the teams in time of need, or launch their own raids against the trail. [41] Lon Nol promptly ordered North Vietnamese personnel out of the country. [54] This the unit did until its disbandment on 12 March 1973. 15–17, USMACV Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team – 158 Command History, 1 May 1972 – March 1973, pp. [36], The teams were ferried into action by RVNAF H-34 Kingbees of the 219th Helicopter Squadron and assorted U.S. Army aviation units in the Prairie Fire area, and by the USAF helicopters of the 20th SOS in the Salem House area. I first reported on the anti-brass shining stance of the National Park Service after Memorial Day 2009. [45] The deputy commander of the joint rescue force was Colonel Arthur "Bull" Simons, who had created SOG's cross-border effort in 1965. Thorne’s last action occurred on Oct. 18, 1965, during the secret Operation Shining Brass in Laos. [12] [25] Hanoi had only sought an end to the air campaign against the north (Operation Rolling Thunder), but Johnson went one further by calling a halt to all northern operations, both overt and covert. [42] With intelligence on communist Base Areas in eastern Cambodia gleaned from MACV-SOG, huge stockpiles of PAVN arms, ammunition, and supplies were overrun and captured. Working Papers of Sedgwick Tourison, last revision, 15 March 1993. Thirty-two VC were killed.[33]. Hanoi was interested in Laos due only to the necessity of keeping its supply corridor to the south open. All operations conducted against North Vietnam were now designated Footboy. Beginning in 1966, SOG conducted prisoner snatch missions of PAVN soldiers behind enemy lines along the Hồ Chí Minh Trail. Johnson's announcement of the incidents involving the destroyers did not mention that SOG vessels had been conducting operations within the same geographic area as the Maddox immediately before, and during, that cruise. His account of the Vietnam War, “A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam,” took him 15 years to write. For most of the year MACV-SOG's operations centered around in-country missions in support of field forces. Further, in conjunction with planning cross-border missions, Larry Thorne flew as the observer for many intelligence gathering reconnaissance On 18 October 1965, MACV-SOG conducted its first cross-border mission against target D-1, a suspected truck terminus on Laotian Route 165, 15 miles (24 km) inside Laos. [10] The South Vietnamese crews and personnel on the island posed as members of a dissident northern communist group known as the Sacred Sword of the Patriot League (SSPL), which opposed the takeover of the Hanoi regime by politicians who supported the People's Republic of China (PRC). The Laotian Civil War that raged intermittently between the communist Pathet Lao (supported by People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) troops) and the Royal Lao armed forces (supported by the CIA-backed Hmong army of General Vang Pao and USAF aircraft) compelled both sides to maintain as low a profile as possible. The answer shocked intelligence analysts. This was made possible by the close-out of Rolling Thunder, which freed up hundreds of aircraft for interdiction missions. The JPRC was to collect and coordinate information on POWs, escapees, and evadees, to launch missions to free U.S. and allied prisoners, and to conduct post-search and rescue (SAR) operations when all other efforts had failed. The Studies and Observations Group (also known as SOG, MACSOG, and MACV-SOG) was a top secret, joint unconventional warfare task force created on 24 January 1964 by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a subsidiary command of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV). Shining Brass was renamed Prairie Fire in 1968 and finally Phu Dung on 8 April 1971 After a slow initial start, the first agent team was recovered from the north. [13] U.S. troops were necessary and SOG was given the green light. MACV had sought authority for the launching of such missions (Operation Shining Brass) since 1964 in an attempt to put boots on the ground in a reconnaissance role to observe, first hand, the enemy logistical system known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese).d MACV, through the Seventh Air Force, had begun carr… On 21 September 1965, the Pentagon authorized MACV-SOG to begin cross-border operations in Laos in areas contiguous to South Vietnam's western border. [19] These included Maritime Operations (OPS-31), which continued harassment raids and support for psychological operations (via kidnapped fishermen); Airborne Operations (OPS-34), which continued to insert agent teams and supplies into the north; Psychological Operations (OPS-33), which continued its "black" radio broadcasts, leaflet and gift kit drops, and running the operation at Cu Lao Cham; the revised Shining Brass program; and Air Operations (OPS-32), which supported the others and provided logistical airlift. These helicopters had been assigned to conduct operations in support of the CIA's clandestine operations in Laos and were a natural for assisting SOG in the Shining Brass area. Politically, this was late in coming, but Washington had finally awakened to its predicament. Full performances of every piece featured in our Shining Brass publications played on a Bb, Eb or F instrument can be downloaded below. 24–27, Annex B to MACV Command History, 1970, pp. They originally consisted of 244 U.S. and 780 indigenous personnel each, but they were quickly drawn down by the elimination of the exploitation forces. There were 1,041 Army, 476 Air Force, 17 Marine Corps, and seven CIA personnel assigned to those units. Johnson attempted to get Hanoi to reopen peace negotiations and the carrot he offered was the cessation of all U.S. operations against North Vietnam north of the 20th parallel. Communication was maintained with a forward air control (FAC) aircraft, which would communicate with USAF fighter-bombers if the necessity, or the opportunity to strike lucrative targets, arose. One early source of information (if one read between the lines) were the citations issued for the award of the Medal of Honor to MACV-SOG personnel (although they were never recognized as such). The PAVN also began to organize and develop specialized units that would both drive and then fix the teams so that they could be destroyed. Teams of South Vietnamese volunteers were parachuted into the north, but the majority were captured soon after their insertions. [28] Washington's stated goal in the conflict was a free and viable South Vietnam, not the overthrow of the Hanoi regime. MACV, through the Seventh Air Force, had begun carryi… Both SOG and the 5th Special Forces Group had been preparing for just such an eventuality. The function of STDAT-158 was to assist the STD in a complete takeover of SOG's operations. A turf war broke out between the 5th and SOG over missions and manpower. Ironically, MACV-SOG's role in the operation was only peripheral. [50] For SOG, Vietnamization was finally nigh. During 1966, the Joint Personnel Recovery Center (JPRC) was established. Johnson also went to the United States Congress that same day and requested the passage of the Southeast Asia Resolution (better known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) asking for the unprecedented authority to conduct military actions in Southeast Asia without a declaration of war. The fact that SOG had followed the CIA's failed formula for three years was not considered a contributing factor. On 21 September 1965 the Pentagon authorized MACSOG to begin cross-border operations within Laos in areas contiguous to the South Vietnam's western border. This fiction was supported by the radio broadcasts of SOG's "Voice of the SSPL", leaflet drops, and gift kits containing pre-tuned radios which could only receive broadcasts from the unit's transmitters. Operations into Laos commenced in September 1965 as part of Operation SHINING BRASS, renamed PRAIRIE FIRE in 1968. The following afternoon, the destroyer USS Maddox began an electronic intelligence-gathering mission along the coast of North Vietnam, in the Gulf of Tonkin. MACV, through the Seventh Air Force, had begun carrying out a strategic bombardment of the logistical system in southern Laos in April (Operation Steel Tiger) and had received authorization to launch an all-Vietnamese recon effort (Operation Leaping Lena) that had proven to be a disaster. Another source of aerial support came from the CH-3 Jolly Green Giant helicopters of D-Flight, 20th Special Operations Squadron (20th SOS) (callsign Pony Express), which had arrived at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base during the year. For MACV and SOG, 1968 was a black year. [35] Command and Control South (CCS) at Ban Me Thuot, also commanded by a lieutenant colonel, consisted of 30 teams and an exploitation battalion. Sheehan served as a war correspondent for United Press International and then the Times in the early days of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War in the 1960s. Start by squeezing the juice from half of a lemon into a bowl. Soon, however, an early warning system was created by placing radio-equipped air watch units within the flight paths between the launch sites and Base Areas. Changes to the infiltration program (in the form of the diversionary Operation Forae), spurred by suspicions at headquarters, came only in 1967. List of allied military operations of the Vietnam War (1966), https://www.1rar.org.au/vietnam-1965-66/173rd-airborne/, "Combat Operations After Action Report Operation Bloodhound/Bushmaster II", Information About Records Relating to the Vietnam War Operations Analysis (OPSANAL) System, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1965)&oldid=997766110, Military operations involving the United States, Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1965, United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Combined U.S. Navy and South Vietnamese Navy effort to stop the flow of supplies from North Vietnam into South Vietnam, U.S. 2nd Air Division aerial interdiction effort targeted against the infiltration of NVA men and material moving south from North Vietnam, A series of cross-border reconnaissance and intelligence operations conducted by mixed Special Forces and, U.S. 2nd Air Division operation to interdict the, U.S. riverine patrol operation to deny Viet Cong access to the resources in the, This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 03:34. When confronted by Senator Wayne Morse (who had discovered the existence of SOG's 34-Alpha raids), McNamara lied to him, stating, "Our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, and was not aware of any South Vietnamese actions." After a two-week stay, the fishermen were returned to northern waters. Yet both Commander in Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC) and he were well aware of the possible connections, at least insofar as they might have existed in the minds of the Hanoi leadership. [57] Historians interested in the unit's activities had to wait until the early 1990s, when MACV-SOG's Annexes to the annual MACV Command Histories and a Pentagon documentation study of the organization were declassified for the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs' hearings on the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. The CIA had been loath to conduct such operations in the north, since similar operations in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the PRC had been abject failures and North Vietnam was considered an even tougher target to penetrate.[30][31]. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for High Shining Brass #s: 1,2,4 (Apple, 1990) American spy in Vietnam story at the best online prices at eBay! [5] The contribution of the South Vietnamese came in the form of SOG's counterpart organization (which used a plethora of titles, finally ending with the Strategic Technical Directorate [STD]). 15–19, USMACV Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team – 158 Command History, 1 May 1972 – March 1973, p. 18, MACV Command History 1970, Annex B, pp. By 1970, they had created a layered and effective system, and SOG recon teams found their time on the ground both shortened and more dangerous. Operation SHINING BRASS. first Shining Brass mission was that "they were looking for a crashed US Air Force C-123 cargo aircraft that was lost near the South Vietnamese/Lao border." By the end of 1969, SOG was authorized 394 U.S. personnel, but it is useful to compare those numbers to the actual strengths of the operational elements. This second reported attack led President Lyndon B. Johnson to launch Operation Pierce Arrow, an aerial attack against North Vietnamese targets on 5 August. The 1988 book won the … North Vietnamese security forces simply captured a team, turned its radio operator, and continued to broadcast as though nothing had happened. Intelligence for the campaign was supplied by both the recon teams of MACV-SOG and by the strings of air-dropped electronic sensors of Operation Igloo White (the successor to Muscle Shoals), controlled from Nakhon Phanom. [27] Intelligence returns from the northern agent teams had been disappointing and more than three-quarters of the agents inserted had been captured either during or not long after their insertion. The 5th SF had gone so far as to create Projects B-56 Sigma and B-50 Omega, units based on SOG's Shining Brass organization, which had been conducting in-country recon efforts on behalf of the field forces, awaiting authorization to begin the Cambodian operations. Shining Brass [edit | edit source] For more details on the communist logistical system in Laos, see Ho Chi Minh Trail . The Laotian government (supported by Ambassador Sullivan and the State Department) was adamantly opposed to such an operation. No matter the team's primary mission, capturing enemy soldiers always remained the team's secondary mission when the opportunity presented itself due to valuable intelligence gained related to PAVN troop movements, size, and base locations. 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